ABSTRACT
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) enhances the success of HSPA with better height statistics quotes, lower latency, and a more suitable broadband revel in high-demand regions. This uses wider-spectrum bandwidths, OFDMA and SC-FDMA air interfaces, and superior antenna strategies. These techniques enable high spectral performance and wonderful user revelations for converged IP services. To take full advantage of that broadband access to networks and allow the co-existence of a couple of technologies via a green, all-in-packet architecture, 3GPP implemented a new middle community, the developed packet center (EPC). EPC is planned for 3GPP Release Nine and is supposed to use various get-entry-to networks, including LTE, HSPA/HSPA+, and non-3GPP networks. The evolved packet system (EPS) contains the EPC and a set of getting right of entry to structures, which include the Lutheran or UTRAN. EPS has been designed from the ground up to aid seamless mobility and QoS with minimal latency for IP services.
EVOLVING ALL-IP FLAT ARCHITECTURE
The 3GPP is evolving wireless networks to become flatter and more simplified. In EPS consumer aircraft, for instance, there are the hardiest varieties of nodes (base stations and gateways), while in contemporary hierarchical networks, there are four types, including a centralized RNC. Another simplification is separating the control plane with a separate mobility-management network element. It is worth noting that similar optimizations are enabled inside the developed HSPA community architecture, offering a likewise flattened architecture. A key distinction from current networks is that the EPC is described to guide packet-switched site visitors simplest. Interfaces are primarily based on IP protocols. This means that all services can be introduced via packet connections and voice. Thus, EPS gives savings for operators through the usage of an unmarried-packet community for all offerings.
EVOLVED NODE-B (eNB)
A great fact is that most everyday protocols implemented in modern-day RNC are moved to the end. The eNB, much like the Node B functionality within the developed HSPA architecture, is also chargeable for header compression, ciphering, and reliable shipping of packets. Capabilities are also incorporated, including admission management, radio, and useful resource control on the managed aircraft. The benefits of the RNC and Node B merger include decreased latency with fewer hops within the media route and distribution of the RNC processing load into a couple of eNBs.
SERVING AND PDN GATEWAYS
Between the get entry to the network and the PDNs (e.g., the Internet), gateways assist the interfaces, the mobility core desires, and the differentiation of QoS flows. EPS defines logical gateway entities, the S-GW and the P-GW. The S-GW acts as a neighborhood mobility van anchor, forwarding and receiving packets to and from the eNB where the UE is being served. The P-GW, in turn, interfaces with the external PDNs, including the Internet and IMS. It is answerable for numerous IP capabilities, including allocating, policy enforcement, packet classification, and routing. It affords mobility anchoring for non-3GPP to get admission to networks. Both gateways can be implemented as one bodily community detail in the exercise, depending on deployment scenarios and dealer help.
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT ENTITY (MME)
The MME is a signaling-best entity; hence, consumer IP packets no longer undergo the MME. Its major feature is to manipulate the UE’s mobility. In addition, the MME additionally plays authentication and authorization, idle-mode UE monitoring and reachability, security negotiations, and NAS signaling. A gain of a separate community element for signaling is that operators can grow signaling and site visitors’ abilities independently. A similar advantage can also be executed in HSPA Release 7’s direct-tunnel architecture, wherein the SGSN will become the most effective signaling entity.
EFFICIENT QoS
An important thing for any all-packet network is a mechanism to guarantee packet flow differentiation primarily based on its QoS requirements. Applications and video streaming, HTTP, or video telephony have unique QoS desires and must acquire differentiated providers over the network. With EPS, QoS flows, called EPS bearers, are installed between the UE and the P-GW. Each EPS bearer is related to a QoS profile and consists of a radio bearer and a mobility van tunnel. Thus, each QoS IP float (e.g., VoIP) will be associated with a distinct EPS bearer, and the network can prioritize packets accordingly. The QoS system for packets arriving from the Internet is similar to that of HSPA. When receiving an IP packet, the P-GW plays packet category primarily based on parameters, including policies acquired from the PCRF and sends it through the proper mobility tunnel. The eNB can map packets to the ideal radio QoS bearer based on the mobility tunnel.
EPS SEAMLESS MOBILITY
Seamless mobility is a key consideration for Wi-Fi systems. Uninterrupted lively handoff across eNBs is the primary scenario one commonly considers. However, situations such as handoffs across middle networks (i.e., P-GW, MME), transfer of admission to technologies, and idle mobility are also essential scenarios EPS includes.
SEAMLESS ACTIVE HANDOFFS
EPS enables seamless, lively handoffs, helping VoIP and other real-time IP applications. Since there is no RNC, an interface among eNBs is used to aid signaling for handoff coaching. In addition, the S-GW behaves as an anchor, switching mobility tunnels across eNBs. A serving maintains the coupling among mobility vans tunnels and radio bearers and maintains the UE context1. As practice for handoff, supply B (B 1) sends the coupling statistics and the UE context to the target eNB (eNB 2). This signaling is triggered by a radio measurement from the UE, indicating that eNB 2 has a higher sign. Once eNB 2 signals that it is ready to carry out the handoff, eNB 1 instructs the UE to trade the radio bearer to and 2. For the eNB handoff to be completed, the S-GW must replace its information with brand new, serving the UE. MME coordinates the mobility tunnel switch from eNB 1 to 2 for this segment. MME triggers the replacement on the S-GW, primarily based on signaling received from eNB 2 indicating that the radio bearer turned into correctly transferred.
EFFICIENT IDLE MOBILITY
An extra mobility element to don’t forget with a brand new Wi-Fi core network is the mechanism to pick out the approximate location of the UE while it is not energetic. EPS gives an efficient solution for idle mobility management. The basic idea is to convert a cluster of eNBs into monitoring areas (TAs). The MME tracks which TA the UE is in, and if the UE moves to a distinct TA, it updates the MME with its new TA. When the EPS GW gets statistics for an idle UE, it will buffer the packets and question the MME for the UE’s area. Then, the MME will page the UE in its maximum cutting-edge TA. EPS consists of a new concept, that is, the ability of a UE to be registered in more than one TA simultaneously. This allows the UE to decrease the battery consumption of high mobility vans at some point because it does not constantly update its region with the MME. It also minimizes the registration load on TA barriers.
HETEROGENOUS NETWORK MOBILITY
LTE is predicted to complement modern-day HSPA/HSPA+ networks in places with a high call for records and superior broadband revel. Therefore, LTE’s entry to networks will co-exist with the giant insurance of HSPA/HSPA+ networks, thus requiring robust, interoperable mechanisms. EPC will aid interfaces among the existing SGSNs and the MME and S-GW for information interoperability that allows you to allow statistics handoffs. For voice-provider continuity, 3GPP is likewise working on standardizing a voice-name continuity approach, a good way to allow seamless operation between VoIP over LTE and circuit-switched voice over R99.
CONCLUSIONS
EPS provides operators with efficient and strong middle network architecture to assist all IP offerings for LTE, HSPA, and non-3GPP to get the right of entry to networks. Fundamentally, it is a flattened architecture that permits simplified network design while helping seamless mobility vans and superior QoS mechanisms. Many of the standard RNC functions are integrated into the end, and the EPS defines a control plane with a separate community element, the MME. QoS logical connections are set up among the UE and the EPS GW, offering differentiation of IP flows throughout the whole network and assembly of the requirements for low-latency applications. The principles and design are like the evolved HSPA architecture, supplying operators with an easy migration path for their 3GPP core networks.
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